The Application of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Fingerprint Characterization in Site Investigation and Remediation     

Dawn A. Zemo  James E. Bruya  Tom E. Graf 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》1995,15(2):147-156

Tremendous resources have been and continue to be spent investigating and remediating petroleum hydrocarbon compounds (PHCs) in soil and ground water. Investigating and planning a remedial strategy for sites affected by PHCs is often a challenging task because of the complex chemical nature of the PHCs. the complex regulatory environment related to PHC cleanup, and the use of analytical methods that provide quantitation but not identification of PHCs. From a technical standpoint, the PHC impacting soil and/or ground water is frequently inadequately characterised, both in identification as well as in is general properties (solubility, toxicity). From a regulatory standpoint, promulgated or recommended total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) cleanup levels generally relate to assumed properties of specific unweathered products and are inconsistent among different agencies and regions. This produces a prime situation for unwillingly spending more resources on investigation or remediation than may be necessary, especially when the PHC in the subsurface has different properties from unweathered products such as gasoline or diesel.
Accurately identifying the PHC and its nature, a process known as fingerprint characterization, is critical to the determination of appropriate regulatory goals and design of cost-effective remedial approaches. This paper presents several case studies in which fingerprint characterization made a significant difference in the project outcome. In each instance the nature of the organic material was better understood, the regulatory cleanup levels were negotiated based on the nature of the material, and a remedial approach was implemented that differed significantly from and was generally less costly than what would have been required without fingerprint characterization data.  相似文献   

Comments on “Deccan flood basalts at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary?” by V. Courtillot, J. Besse, D. Vandamme, R. Montigny, J.-J. Jaeger and H. Cappetta     

Hans Wensink 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1987,85(1-3)

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Excess K-Ar ages of glauconite from the Upper Marine Molasse and evidence for glauconitization of mica     

Hans Fischer 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1987,76(3):885-902

K-Ar age determinations along with optical investigations were used to examine whether glauconite from the Upper Marine Molasse (OMM) is of authigenic, allogenic or transformed origin. For this purpose 16 glauconite samples from 14 different localities were investigated from the Burdigalian Muschelsandstein collected along a traverse from Lake Constance to west of Geneva.Optical observations on washed grain concentrates reveal the presence of different alteration products of biotite, confirming earlier studies. Moreover, thin-section preparations of sample aliquots showed that the glauconite grains contain biotite-relics, which might account for the elevated absolute ages.The optical evidence is confirmed by individual mineral fractions, which show chlorite with biotite-»nucleii«, chlorite-lamellae, and »layered«-glauconites. All these observations point to glauconite genesis by transformation of biotite. The complete transformation from biotite via chlorite to glauconite apparently results in a chemically more stable state.The K-content of the samples varies from 5.6 to 7.0% K₂O, indicating mature but not highly evolved glauconite. 19 apparent K-Ar dates range from 17.7 to 34.9 Ma. In comparison with the biostratigraphy and the estimated Burdigalian age of about 18 Ma nearly all dates are too high. These strongly scattered dates are thus stratigraphically meaningless and seem to exclude an authigenic formation of these glauconites from faecal pellets. Furthermore, geologic arguments exclude an allogenic (= detrital) origin.Glauconite genesis in the Upper Marine Molasse must therefore be distinguished from both authigenic and allogenic formation mechanisms. A new term »meta-allogenic« is therefore used to describe glauconite growth by transformation of allogenic mica.

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Zusammenfassung Um zu prüfen, ob Glaukonite aus der Oberen Meeresmolasse (OMM) authigen, allothigen oder durch Umwandlung aus anderen Mineralien entstanden sind, wurden sie — nebst mineraloptischen und röntgenographischen Untersuchungen — mit der K-Ar-Methode datiert. Aus 14 verschiedenen Lokalitäten zwischen Bodensee und einigen Kilometern westlich von Genf wurden 16 Glaukonit-Proben aus dem burdigalen Muschelsandstein entnommen.Sedimentpetrologische Studien an Körner-Konzentraten offenbarten verschiedene Umwandlungsprodukte von Biotit. Zudem zeigten Aliquots von Dünnschliff-Präparaten, daß einzelne Körner unterschiedlich große Relikte von Biotit enthalten, die die zu hohen Alterswerte verursachen können.Die verschiedenen Mineralfraktionen bestätigen den Charakter von Übergangsstadien: Chlorit mit Biotit-Kernen, Chloritlamellen und »Schicht«-Glaukonit. Alle diese Beobachtungen deuten auf eine Glaukonitgenese aus der Umwandlung von Biotit. Die vollständige Umwandlung von Biotit über Chlorit zu Glaukonit scheint mit dem End-produkt einen chemisch stabileren Zustand anzustreben.Der K₂O-Gehalt aller Proben variert von 5.6 bis 7.0%. Dies weist auf »reifen«, aber nicht hochentwickelten Glaukonit hin. Die 19 K-Ar-»Alter« liegen zwischen 17.7 und 34.9 Ma. Im Vergleich mit der Biostratigraphie und dem geschätzten burdigalen Alter von ca. 18 Ma, sind diese Daten zu hoch und daher stratigraphisch bedeutungslos. Eine authigene Bildung von Glaukonit aus Kotpillen (faecal pellets) muß somit ausgeschlossen werden. Außerdem kommt aus geologischen Gründen eine detritische (allothigene) Herkunft ebenfalls nicht in Betracht.Für die Glaukonit-Genese in der Oberen Meeresmolasse muß daher ein anderer Bildungsprozess verantwortlich sein. Um die Umwandlung von eingeschwemmtem (= allothigenem) Biotit zu Glaukonit zu beschreiben, wurde der neue Term »meta-allothigen« eingeführt.

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Résumé Afin de rechercher si les glauconites de la OMM (= molasse marine supérieure) sont authigènes, allothigènes ou proviennent de la transformation d'autres minéraux, on les a datées par la méthode K-Ar, conjointement à une étude optique et röntgenographique. 14 localités, situées depuis de lac de Constance jusqu'à quelques kilomètres à l'ouest de Genève, ont fourni 16 échantillons de glauconite du Muschelsandstein burdigalien.L'étude optique des grains, effectuée sur des concentrés, a révélé divers produits de transformation de la biotite. En outre, les examens en coupes minces ont montré, dans les grains de glauconite, des restes de biotite d'importance variable. Ces restes de biotite peuvent être responsables de valeurs trop élevées obtenues dans les mesures d'âge.L'examen des diverses fractions minérales permet de préciser les stades de transformation: chlorite avec noyaux de biotite, lamelles de chlorite et glauconite »stratifiées«. Toutes ces observations indiquent une genèse de la glauconite par transformation de la biotite. La transformation complète de la biotite en chlorite puis en glauconite semble ainsi correspondre à un état chimique plus stable.La teneur en K₂O de tous les échantillons varie entre 5,6 et 7,0%, indiquant une glauconite »mature«, mais pas très évoluée. Les 19 »âges« K-Ar sont compris entre 17,7 et 34,9 Ma. Comparés à la biostratigraphie et à l'âge burdigalien, estimé à environ 18 Ma, ces résultats sont nettement trop élevés et ne présentent donc aucune valeur stratigraphique. Il faut ainsi exclure une formation authigène de la glauconite à partir de pelotes fécales. De plus, une origine détritique (= allothigène) ne peut être envisagée pour des raisons géologiques.En conséquence, c'est bien un processus différent qui est responsable de la genése de la glauconite dans la OMM. Le terme nouveau »méta-allogénique« est proposé pour indiquer la transformation de la biotite détritique en glauconite.

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- , , , (OMM) , , /. 14- 16 . - . , . : , « ». , . , , . K₂O 5,6 7,0%. / 17,7 34,9 . , 18 . (faecal pellets) . , ., . , «-».

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Mineral equilibria in the six-component seawater system,Na-K-Mg-Ca-SO4-Cl-H2O at 25°C. II: Compositions of the saturated solutions     

Charles E. Harvie  Hans P. Eugster  John H. Weare 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1982,46(9):1603-1618

Using the solubility model developed by Harvie and Weare (1980), the stable mineral-solution assemblages for the six-component system Na-K-Mg-Ca-SO₄-Cl-H₂O and its constituent 5-, 4- and 3-component systems at 25°C have been defined. Invariant point maps have been constructed showing the connections by univariant lines. The solubility volumes for all 20 minerals considered are also illustrated. Of the 37 invariant points, only 3 have solutions which are Ca-rich; the remaining 34 can be plotted in the reciprocal system Na-K-Mg-SO₄-Cl, which is similar to the seawater system, except that the restriction of halite saturation has been removed. Application of these results and implications for the evolution of major brine types are briefly discussed.  相似文献   

Paleomagnetism of red beds of Early Devonian age from Central Iran     

Hans Wensink 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1983,63(2):325-334

Paleomagnetic results are reported from 13 sites of red beds of Early Devonian age from Central Iran. Detailed paleomagnetic analyses were carried out. Two types of partial progressive demagnetization were applied, one using alternating magnetic fields, the other heating. These procedures resulted in the detection of the characteristic remanences with a mean direction with D = 24.2°, I = 1.3° (α₉₅ = 10.1°). The paleomagnetic pole is located at 51.3°N, 163.7°W. If one shifts the Iranian landmass to its most likely position in the Gondwana configuration, then the position of the paleomagnetic pole coincides with the alternative polar wander path [14,15] which crossed South America in early Middle Paleozoic times.  相似文献   

The influence of viscous and latent heating on crystal-rich magma flow in a conduit     

Alina J. Hale  Geoff Wadge  Hans B. Mühlhaus 《Geophysical Journal International》2007,171(3):1406-1429

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The variability of the horizontal circulation in the troposphere and stratosphere – a comparison     

J. Perlwitz  H.-F. Graf 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2001,69(3-4):149-161

Summary The variability of the horizontal circulation in the stratosphere and troposphere of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) is compared by using various approaches. Spatial degrees of freedom (dof) on different time scales were derived. Modes of variability were computed in geopotential height fields at the tropospheric and stratospheric pressure levels by applying multivariate statistical approaches. Features of the spatial and temporal variability of the winterly zonal wind were studied with the help of recurrence and persistence analyses. The geopotential height and zonally-averaged zonal wind at the 50-, 500- and 1000-hPa level are used to investigate the behavior of the horizontal circulation in the lower stratosphere, mid-troposphere and at the near surface level, respectively. It is illustrated that the features of the variability of the horizontal circulation are very similar in the mid-troposphere and at the near surface level. Due to the filtering of tropospheric disturbances by the stratospheric and upper tropospheric zonal mean flow, the variability of the stratospheric circulation exhibits less spatial complexity than the circulation at tropospheric pressure levels. There exist enormous differences in the number of degrees of freedom (or free variability modes) between both atmospheric layers. Results of the analyses clearly show that the concept of a zonally symmetric AO with a simple structure in the troposphere similar to the one in the stratosphere is not valid. It is concluded that the spatially filtered climate change signal can be detected earlier in the stratosphere than in the mid-troposphere or at the near surface level. Received June 28, 2000/Revised March 10, 2001  相似文献   

DNAPL Removal from a Heterogeneous Alluvial Aquifer by Surfactant- Enhanced Aquifer Remediation     

John T. Londergan  Hans W. Meinardus  Paul E. Manner  Richard E. Jackson  Chris L. Brown  Varadarajan Dwarakanath  Gary A. Pope  Jon S. Ginn  Sam Taffinder 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》2001,21(3):71-81

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Element budgets of pine stands on lignite and pyrite containing mine soils     

Martin Gast  Wolfgang Schaaf  Joerg Scherzer  Rudolf Wilden  Bernd U. Schneider  Reinhard F. Hüttl 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2001,73(2):196

To analyze the development of pine ecosystems on lignite and pyrite containing mine soils, four pine stands with ages of 3–35 years were investigated in a chronosequence approach. Bulk precipitation, throughfall and soil solution in depths of 20, 40, 70 and 100 cm were studied over a three-year period to determine element fluxes in these forest ecosystems on extreme acidic and saline soils.Element budgets are controlled by the processes induced by pyrite oxidation such as intensive weathering of primary minerals, precipitation and leaching of secondary phases.Despite low water fluxes, element outputs can reach extraordinary high values due to very high concentrations in the soil solution. Although element outputs decrease drastically with stand age, respectively, site age, they exceed those of comparable pine stands on non-mine sites. Nitrogen release from the lignite fraction represents a special characteristic of the examined substrates. Nitrogen losses beneath the rooted zone can be 34 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in 100 cm depth. Element input and output in the examined ecosystems are far from balance. Closed cycling of nutrients seems to be recognizable in the case of potassium.  相似文献   

The Baltic Sea in 1996 — continuation of stagnation and decreasing phosphate concentrations     

Dr.  habil. Wolfgang Matthäus  Dr.  Prof. Dietwart Nehring  Dr.  habil. Hans Ulrich Lass  Dr. Günther Nausch  Dr. Klaus Nagel  Dr. Herbert Siegel 《Ocean Dynamics》1996,48(2):161-174

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